Tag J.K. Aronson MA DPhil MBChB FRCP HonFBPhS HonFFPM

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General information Interleukin-1-alfa and interleukin-1-beta are produced by two distinct genes with only 25% homology, but they act through the same receptor and share similar in vitro biological properties. Interleukin-1 on its own has modest antitumor activity and limited hemopoietic…

See also Individual agents General information The interferons, first described in 1957, include at least five natural human glycoproteins (alfa, beta, gamma, omega, and tau). Only the first three types are currently used, and they differ both structurally and antigenically.…

See also Interferons . General information Recombinant interferon gamma (interferon gamma-1b) is currently approved only as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy in chronic granulomatous disease [ ], although its immunoregulatory potential has been investigated in other diseases. Clinical experience with…

See also Interferons General information Interferon beta is used in the form of natural fibroblast or recombinant preparations (interferon beta-1a and interferon beta-1b) and exerts antiviral and antiproliferative properties similar to those of interferon alfa. Although its efficacy has been…

See also Interferons General information Interferon alfa is used as purified natural leukocyte or lymphoblastoid human interferon, or as a recombinant DNA preparation. Work to assign the most frequently observed amino acids at each position has led to a so-called…

General information Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and the IGF-I receptor are structurally comparable to insulin and the insulin receptor. Recombinant human IGF-I has 54% identity to proinsulin. Insulin and IGF-I can bind to both receptors, but insulin can only transfer…

See also Insulin . General information Insulin lispro induces more rapid and constant release of insulin from the injection site, since it consists of monomeric insulin. The change of one or more amino acids in the insulin molecule prevents insulin…

See also Insulin General information Insulin glargine is a long-acting human insulin analogue, in which phenylalanine is removed from site 30 of the C terminal of the B chain and two arginine molecules replace it, adding two positive charges; asparagine…

See also Insulin . General information Insulin detemir is a long-acting insulin analogue that lacks threonine at the B30 position and is acylated with a 14-carbon myristoyl fatty acid side-chain at the epsilon-amino group of the lysine in the B28…