Pernio , commonly known as chilblains , is a cold-induced localized inflammatory condition presenting as skin lesions predominantly on unprotected acral areas. Typically there is swelling of the dorsa of the proximal phalanges of fingers and toes ( Fig. 49.1…
Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) describes a segmental, nonatherosclerotic inflammatory disorder that primarily involves the small and medium arteries, veins, and nerves of the extremities. Although TAO was initially thought to be a disease confined exclusively to men, epidemiologic studies demonstrate a…
Approximately 46% of individuals age 20 and older have high blood pressure. In those age 75 and older, 79% of men and 85% of women have hypertension. Most have primary (essential) hypertension; however, there are a number of different causes…