The atlantoaxial junction is a delicate anatomic complex that involves an intricate relationship between the atlas and the axis to allow flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The interrelation of osseous, ligamentous, neural elements, and articulations make the atlantoaxial junction…
Introduction Multiple anterior approaches to the craniocervical junction have been described to allow exposure to the midline and lateral aspects of both the cranial base and upper cervical spine. The transoral-transpharyngeal approach, a technique well known to many spine surgeons,…
© 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Please note that the copyright for the original figures submitted by the contributors is owned by Contributors. Introduction Chordomas and chondrosarcomas are both primary malignant (locally aggressive) bone tumors. Chordomas are considered the…
Summary of Key Points Establishing histopathological diagnosis is critical to understanding the natural history, aggressiveness, and likelihood of the tumor to respond to chemotherapy, radiation, or other adjuvant treatments. Once accurate diagnosis is established, surgical planning requires knowledge of the…