Open full size image With a worldwide prevalence of over 100 million cases, valvular heart disease remains a significant human and clinical burden, necessitating over an estimated 400,000 interventions annually worldwide and estimated to surpass 850,000 by 2050 . Three…
Open full size image Normal pericardium Structure Anatomy The pericardium is a bilayered sac-like structure surrounding the heart and the origin of the large blood vessels. The outer layer of this sac is called the parietal pericardium, which consists of…
Open full size image Introduction Aortic aneurysms (AAs), either of the abdominal or thoracic aorta, are important causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. On the basis of autopsy studies, it has been estimated that 1%–2% of the population…
Open full size image Overview of heart failure Definition of heart failure and general features of the condition Heart failure (HF) is formally defined as a complex clinical syndrome resulting from any structural and/or functional impairment of ventricular filling or…