Worldwide, rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the predominant cause of mitral stenosis (MS) but is rare in developed countries. Most cases of rheumatic mitral stenosis (RMS) in developed countries are found among immigrants from less developed parts of the world…
Epidemiology Subaortic stenosis (SAS) is rarely found in infants and is responsible for 10% of cases of left ventricular outflow (LVOT) obstruction in children. Although it can be diagnosed at any age, the most common presentation is in the first…
Historically, M-mode (motion mode) echocardiography was the first effective modality for the ultrasonic evaluation of the heart. M-mode echocardiography provides an ice pick, one-dimensional (1D; depth only) view of the heart. , The ultrasound echoes reflected from the various cardiac…
This chapter describes the main set of echocardiographic images that should be obtained for standardization and facilitation of image interpretation. Standard examination images are acquired from several transducer positions on the chest wall. Each window, angulation, and rotation of the…