Infections of the genitourinary tract can be caused by a number of viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic organisms ( Table 16.1 ). Although many of these organisms are also seen in other locations, some of them have a predilection for…
Osteomyelitis is defined literally as inflammation of bone and marrow, albeit, the common use of the term virtually always implies infection. Infection of the skeleton, the largest organ system of the body, is important because it is a major site…
Introduction Electron microscopy (EM) can assist in the identification of infectious organisms in surgical and clinical pathology specimens. However, since the advent of immunohistochemical, molecular (e.g., in situ hybridization, polymerase chain reaction), and serologic techniques, EM has been less often…
Notorchodal Remnants/Ecchordosis Physaliphora Definition Notochordal remnants are small deposits of notochordal tissue that fail to regress after embryogenesis. General Features The notochord is an ectodermal-derived structure present in all organisms in the phylum Chordata and, as a major regulator of…
Cartilage is an extracellular matrix rich in aggrecan, a proteoglycan that retains a large amount of water. The matrix consists of approximately 65% water, 15% proteoglycan, 15% collagen (predominantly type II), and less than 5% cells. Cartilage is unique in…
Introduction The synovium is one of the more recent phylogenetic developments of the vertebrate locomotor system, with the first synovial joints appearing in the piscine jaw of ancestors of the modern lungfish. Embryologically, the synovium is derived from specialized mesoderm…
Reactive Vascular Proliferations Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia Clinical Features Papillary endothelial hyperplasia (PEH) may occur in any location, but most commonly presents in the superficial soft tissues of the extremities, head, and neck. The thumb is a common location. A history…