Key points The vertebral endplate is the key regulator of disc nutrient and oxygen transport. The endplate is composed of an inner bony and an outer cartilaginous layer in relation to the vertebra. Vertebral endplates are innervated so represent an…
Key points Disc space narrowing and osteophyte formation are features of the general spine condition known as intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration IVD degeneration is an age-related condition IVD degeneration is highly heritable The burden of IVD degeneration predicts the likelihood…
Key points The process of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration consists of gradual structural and biochemical changes that may lead to pain and disability. IVD degeneration is multifaceted, mediated by biomechanical alterations, nutritional compromise, genetics, and environmental factors among others Various…