Patients with congenital heart disease require lifelong surveillance. The number of adults living with congenital heart disease continues to grow, in part because of advances in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart lesions. There are more than 1 million…
Ventricular Septal Defect A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole between the left and right ventricles. A VSD may occur as an isolated anomaly or with a wide variety of intracardiac anomalies, such as tetralogy of Fallot or transposition…
History of Pediatric Tracheal Surgery In 2000, the Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project classified congenital tracheal stenosis as congenital–complete tracheal rings, postintubation, traumatic, or congenital web. Localized stenosis was defined as less than 50% of the tracheal length,…