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Sometime at the turn of the millennium, due to improved treatment and outcomes, the prevalence of congenital heart disease in adults surpassed that of children. With longer term survival, this disproportionate share of adult patients will continue to grow. Many…

Etiology and Pathogenesis Congenital heart disease refers to any heart defect present at birth. The etiology of such defects is multifactorial, with environmental and genetic factors playing important roles. In utero development can be affected by metabolic stress from toxins,…