Introduction It has long been recognized that congenital absence of the spleen, or the presence of multiple spleens, is associated with severe congenital malformations of the heart. Some of the most complex forms of congenital cardiac disease are associated with…
Introduction It is axiomatic that to understand abnormal anatomy, and to describe it adequately, it is necessary first to understand the normal arrangement, including the relationships of the conduction tissues and coronary arteries to the various components of the heart.…
Introduction It might reasonably be thought that those who diagnose and treat patients with congenitally malformed hearts would, by now, have reached consensus concerning the most appropriate way of describing the malformations with which they are confronted. It is certainly…