Etiology and Pathogenesis Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is common and has an annual incidence of approximately 0.1% in the general population. VTE is a broad term used to include patients with both deep venous thromboembolism (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). These…
Right and left heart catheterization is the introduction of a catheter into the right heart and left heart chambers, respectively. Right and left heart catheterization provide key hemodynamic data that can be used to diagnose various cardiac disorders. Left heart…
The ability to directly visualize arteries with an injection of a radiopaque contrast agent was a seminal advance in the history of modern medicine and led directly to the development of the concept of transluminal angioplasty (first performed in 1964),…