1 List the indications for percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) ( Figure 73-1 ). To relieve obstruction in the setting of infection or to preserve renal function. To assist in the removal of a calculus or foreign body. To divert urine to…
1 What is the purpose of sedation and pain management during an interventional radiology procedure? The purpose is to enable a patient to tolerate a potentially painful procedure yet still maintain satisfactory cardiopulmonary function and the ability to cooperate with…
1 What is the radiographic appearance of an endotracheal tube (ETT), and where is it optimally placed? An ETT usually appears as a faintly radiopaque tube with a thin, densely radiopaque line along its length, and its position should be…
1 Describe the normal pleural anatomy and physiologic features. The pleural space is a potential space that contains 2 to 10 mL of pleural fluid between the visceral and parietal pleural layers that essentially represents interstitial fluid from the parietal pleura…
1 Describe the anatomy of the mediastinum. The mediastinum is located centrally within the thorax between the pleural cavities laterally, the sternum anteriorly, the spine posteriorly, the thoracic inlet superiorly, and the diaphragm inferiorly. It is usually divided into anterior,…
1 What is a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN)? An SPN is a solitary focal lesion in the lung that measures 3 cm or less. A solitary focal lesion that is greater than 3 cm is considered to be a mass, and most…