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Echocardiography plays a key role in the management of patients undergoing cardiac procedures in the operating room, cardiac catheterization laboratory, and hybrid procedure suites. Echocardiographic approaches include transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), epicardial imaging, or intracardiac echocardiography, depending on…
Congenital heart disease in adults has two basic categories: ■ The initial clinical presentation of previously undiagnosed and untreated congenital defects ■ Survival into adulthood of patients with known congenital heart disease and previous surgical procedures In adult patients with…
Echocardiographic evaluation of the aorta and main pulmonary artery is a routine part of the standard echocardiographic examination. For descriptive purposes, the aorta is divided into segments, beginning at the aortic valve, including the: ■ Aortic annulus ■ Sinuses of…
A cardiac mass is defined as an abnormal structure within or immediately adjacent to the heart. The three basic types of cardiac masses are: ▪ Tumor ▪ Thrombus ▪ Vegetation Abnormal mass lesions must be distinguished from the unusual appearance…
Echocardiography is an essential component of the evaluation of a patient with infective endocarditis. In combination with clinical and bacteriologic data, the echocardiographic finding of a valvular vegetation allows for an accurate diagnosis of endocarditis. In addition, echocardiographic assessment of…
Echocardiographic evaluation of prosthetic valves is similar, in many respects, to the evaluation of native valve disease. However, some important differences exist. First, several types of prosthetic valves are available, with differing fluid dynamics for each basic design and differing…
Echocardiographic evaluation of the patient with valvular regurgitation includes an assessment of valve anatomy, the severity of regurgitation, chamber dilation due to the imposed volume overload, ventricular function, and the degree of pulmonary hypertension. In some cases, the clinical significance…