Chapter 1 1. c 2. e 3. a 4. d 5. c Chapter 2 1. b 2. e 3. c 4. e 5. a 6. b 7. c 8. b 9. d 10. e Chapter 3 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. b 6. e 7. d 8. c 9. b 10. b 11. e 12. b You’re Reading a Preview Become a…
Chapter 1 1. A healthy individual weighs 50 kg. What is the volume of this individual’s extracellular fluid compartment? a. 2.5 L b. 7.5 L c. 10.0 L d. 20.0 L e. 30.0 L 2. A healthy individual loses body water from the following routes over a 24-hour period. Feces: 150 mL Expired air: 200 mL Perspiration: 150 mL During this same 24-hour period, urine output…
Case 1 1a. The ECF volume of this man is increased above normal. The presence of edema, distention of the neck veins, and rales (sounds related to fluid in the lungs) is evidence of this increased volume. Additional evidence could be obtained by measuring weight gain because accumulation of each liter of extracellular fluid would increase body weight by 1 kg. 1b. The ECV in this…
Chapter 1 1. Molarity (mmol/L) Osmolality (mOsm/kg H 2 O) 9 g NaCl 154 308 72 g Glucose 400 400 22.2 g CaCl 2 200 600 3 g Urea 50 50 8.4 g NaHCO 3 100 200 2. The cell will swell when placed in the solution because the solute is only a partially effective osmole (i.e., this is a hypotonic solution). Because the reflection coefficient…
Summary By Transport Process TABLE C.1 Na + and Cl − Reabsorption Nephron Segment Mechanism Regulation Proximal tubule Na + -H + antiport, Na + -solute symporters, Cl – -HCO 3 – antiporter, Na + -glucose symporters, paracellular ↓ ECF volume (+), ↑ ECF volume (–) Angiotensin II (+) Sympathetic nerves (+) Epinephrine (+) Dopamine (–) Starling forces (+/–) Henle’s loop Thin descending limb Thin ascending…
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Case 1 A 65-year-old man has congestive heart failure. He is seen by his physician because he has run out of his medications. He presents with easy fatigability, shortness of breath, and swelling of his ankles. On physical examination he is found to have distended neck veins and pitting edema of the ankles. His breathing is rapid (20 breaths/min), and rales (i.e., fluid in the lungs)…
Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: What effects do diuretics have on Na + handling by the kidneys? What effects do aquaretics have on water handling by the kidneys? Why do diuretics decrease the volume of the extracellular fluid? What mechanisms are involved in delivering diuretics to their sites of action along the nephron? What is…
Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: What is the physiologic importance of Ca ++ and inorganic phosphate (P i )? How does the body maintain Ca ++ and P i homeostasis? What roles do the kidneys, intestinal tract, and bone play in maintaining plasma Ca ++ and P i levels? What hormones and factors regulate plasma…
Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: How does bicarbonate ( HCO−3 HCO 3 − ) operate as a buffer, and why is it an important buffer of the extracellular fluid? How does metabolism of food produce acid and alkali, and what effect does the composition of the diet have on systemic acid-base balance? What is the…
Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: How does the body maintain K + homeostasis? What is the distribution of K + within the body compartments? Why is this distribution important? What are the hormones and factors that regulate plasma K + levels? Why is this regulation important? How do the various segments of the nephron transport…
Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: Why do changes in Na + balance alter the volume of extracellular fluid? What are the mechanisms by which the renal excretion of NaCl is regulated to maintain whole-body Na + balance? What is the effective circulating volume, how is it influenced by changes in Na + balance, and how…
Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: Why do changes in water balance result in alterations in the [Na + ] of the extracellular fluid? How is the secretion of arginine vasopressin controlled by changes in the osmolality of the body fluids and in blood volume and pressure? What are the cellular events associated with the action…
Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: What three processes are involved in the production of urine? What is the composition of “normal” urine? What transport mechanisms are responsible for sodium chloride (NaCl) reabsorption by the nephron? Where are they located along the nephron? How is water reabsorption “coupled” to NaCl reabsorption in the proximal tubule? Why…
Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions: How can the concepts of mass balance be used to measure the glomerular filtration rate? Why can inulin clearance and creatinine clearance be used to measure the glomerular filtration rate? Why is the plasma creatinine concentration used clinically to monitor the glomerular filtration rate? What are the elements of the…
Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions : Which structures in the glomerulus are filtration barriers to plasma proteins? What is the physiologic significance of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? Which blood vessels supply the kidneys? Which nerves innervate the kidneys? In addition, the student should be able to describe the following : The location of the kidneys and…
Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to answer the following questions : How do body fluid compartments differ with respect to their volumes and their ionic compositions? What are the driving forces responsible for movement of water across cell membranes and the capillary wall? How do the volumes of the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments change under various pathophysiologic conditions? In…
Introduction Lymphoma is a hematologic malignancy caused by the abnormal proliferation of lymphoid cells. An estimated 80,000 people will be diagnosed with lymphoma in the United States in 2018. Because of more targeted therapies, patients with lymphoma are living longer. Lymphoma can broadly be divided into Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, based on cellular characteristics. Lymphoma can involve organs other than the lymph nodes, including the kidney…
Introduction Leukemia is a group of hematologic malignancies derived from bone marrow cells, respectively. Although not as common as solid organ malignancies, the prevalence is estimated to be greater than 350,000 people with or in remission from leukemia in the United States. Leukemia is the most common cancer diagnosed in children; however, more than 90% of cases are diagnosed in adults. Leukemia can involve almost any…
Introduction Epidemiology Cancer patients are at a higher risk of infections with a mean annual incidence rate of 1465 cases per 100,000 cancer patients and a relative risk [RR] of 9.77 compared with noncancer patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.67–9.88). Bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) can commonly be seen both in patients with genitourinary tract cancers and nongenitourinary tract malignancies. Because of their immunosuppression, both hematopoietic…