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Pregnancy and Liver Disease

Normal Anatomic and Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy 1. What are the structural and functional hepatic adaptations during pregnancy? Liver size and histologic characteristics do not change. Maternal blood volume and cardiac output increase significantly, without a corresponding increase in hepatic blood flow, with a net decrease in fractional blood flow to the liver. An enlarging uterus makes venous return via the inferior vena cava progressively more…

Gastritis, Peptic Ulcer Disease, NSAIDs, and Helicobacter Pylori Infection

1. What is gastritis? Patients typically refer to the symptom of dyspepsia as gastritis. Gastroenterologists use the term gastritis to describe endoscopic observations. Pathologists refer to a histologic finding. Most would agree that gastritis requires a mucosal biopsy as it is a histopathologic diagnosis. Inflammation of the gastric mucosa can be classified into two types: gastritis or gastropathy. The gastric mucosa can have injury to its…

Esophageal and Stomach Pathology

Esophagus 1. Describe a normal esophagus lining. Esophagus consists of mucosa, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis propria, and adventitia (lacks serosa) ( Figure 8-1 A ). Sebaceous glands can be seen normally in the submucosa. Normal gastroesophageal (GE) junction (see Figure 8-1 B ) shows squamous and columnar epithelium. 2. What are the histologic features of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EE)? Histologic…