1 What is the magnitude of the problem? For the year 2016, there were an estimated 53,000 new cases of pancreatic cancer in the United States, and more than 41,790 deaths, making this arguably one of the most lethal tumors.…
1 What is the prevalence of gallstones in Western society for women and men 60 years of age? Women, 50%; men, 15%, although there is formidable ethnic predilection with gallstones endemic in American Indians. 2 What is the difference between…
1 What is the classic presentation of acute appendicitis? Periumbilical pain that migrates to the right lower quadrant (RLQ) in a patient who is anorexic. Associated symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and bowel changes. 2 What is the pathophysiology of appendicitis?…
1 What is the leading cause of death in children in the United States? Traumatic injuries cause more death and disability in children from ages 1 to 18 years than all other causes combined. Unintentional injury accounts for 65% of…
1 Where do burn injuries occur? Eighty percent of burn-related injuries occur in the home, mostly in low-income, multifamily dwellings. 2 Who is at risk of suffering burns? The incidence of burn injuries and deaths in the United States is…
1 How are hand fractures and hand injuries splinted? Immobilization should include splinting the joint above and below the injury. For example, a splint for a metacarpal fracture includes the wrist and metacarpal phalangeal (MCP) joints. 2 Name commonly used…
1 What is the overall treatment goal in repairing facial fractures? Restoration of form and function to premorbid condition is the primary goal in treatment of facial fractures. In regards to midface and mandibular fractures, restoration of dental occlusion restores…
1 What distinguishes facial lacerations from other? After facial trauma, restoration of the appearance of the face is of the utmost concern. Successful primary closure of a facial laceration can be best achieved with irrigation, minimal debridement, gentle handling of…
1 What is the pathophysiology of extremity vascular injury? Peripheral arteries are composed of three layers: outer adventitia, central muscular, and inner endothelial, or intima. Trauma, either blunt or penetrating, can produce hemorrhage (from laceration or puncture), thrombosis (from intimal…
1 What are the causes of bladder injury? Bladder injury can be caused by trauma or iatrogenic manipulation. Traumatic bladder injuries can be classified as intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal, blunt or penetrating. The most common sign of bladder injury is gross…