Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is defined by the reflux of gastric fluid into the esophagus causing troublesome symptoms and/or complications, such as mucosal inflammation and metaplasia. Functional disturbances of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), along with anatomic abnormalities of the…
The continuous search for the ideal antireflux procedure reflects a widely held perception among surgeons, gastroenterologists, and patients that therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains unsatisfactory. About 30% to 40% of patients are resistant or only partial responders to…
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common disorder of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. While transient reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus occurs physiologically, according to the Montreal Classification, the criteria for GERD are met when reflux causes…
Over the past 40 years, there has been a remarkable evolution in our understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment strategies underlying gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Initially synonymous with esophagitis and presence of hiatal hernias, we now understand that…
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) refers to the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus. GER can occur physiologically, particularly in the postprandial state. When reflux is of small volume for limited durations and limited to the distal esophagus, this retrograde flow…
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common foregut disease in the world and accounts for approximately 75% of all esophageal pathology. The majority of affected patients have mild disease and are successfully managed with lifestyle modification and acid suppression…
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is among the most common diseases seen by both primary care and gastrointestinal (GI) specialists worldwide. Its prevalence is increasing, with reflux symptoms ranging from 10% to 30% of the population of Western countries. Compared to…
With an estimated annual incidence of 1 in 100,000 and prevalence of 10 in 100,000, achalasia is a rare, primary motility disorder of the esophagus, defined by absence of normal peristalsis and failure of swallow-induced relaxation of the lower esophageal…
Achalasia is a rare esophageal disorder presenting primarily with dysphagia, characterized by well-defined esophageal motor abnormalities. This chapter addresses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of achalasia, as well as the medical therapeutic options for this disorder. Epidemiology Epidemiologic data originate…
Diverticular diseases of the esophagus consist of variations of outpouchings of one or more layers of the gut wall that are epithelial lined. These outpouchings can be found along the entire length of the esophagus. They are described by their…