Why Imaging? Pediatric patients with soft tissue musculoskeletal masses encompass a wide array of pathology that ranges from benign fatty masses and self-involuting vascular tumors all the way to aggressive malignant lesions that require a multidisciplinary approach and staging before…
Vascular malformations arise from disorganized angiogenesis and manifest as congenital abnormalities that may be isolated events or associated with syndromes. The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) recognizes vascular malformations as a separate entity from vascular tumors…
“Knowledge is power…knowledge is safety…knowledge is happiness.” —Thomas Jefferson Bone lesions are a frequently encountered diagnostic challenge faced by radiologists in the evaluation of pediatric and adolescent patients. Up to 42% of all bone lesions are detected in the first…
The elbow is complex in its multiple articulations, which allow for flexion and extension, as well as supination and pronation. Imaging of the pediatric elbow is deceptively simple: two conventional radiographic orthogonal views are all that is required to diagnose…
The pediatric foot can be complex, from both clinical and imaging perspectives. Acquired and congenital diseases can affect the foot, especially during early childhood development. Because radiographs are often first line in imaging, having an appreciation for the normal appearance…
Skeletal dysplasias are bone and cartilage disorders that result in abnormal skeletal development and often, short stature. Skeletal dysplasias and syndromes with bony involvement are not uncommonly seen in pediatric populations. The differential diagnosis of dysplasias includes more than 450…
The observation that a child has a limp is not a diagnosis, but rather a manifestation of an underlying problem. A limping child has altered gait, which may or may not also be antalgic. This is a commonly encountered phenomenon…
Pelvic pain in a preadolescent or adolescent girl can be a diagnostic challenge. Ovarian causes, including torsion of the ovary, ovarian cysts, and paraovarian cysts, must be distinguished from nonovarian diagnoses, such as appendicitis, renal calculi, urinary tract infection, and…
Acknowledgments I am grateful to Robert Lebowitz, Rhonda Johnson, and Jane Choura for their invaluable help in preparing this chapter and, always, for their friendship. Key point: Distinguishing normal from pathological causes of urinary tract dilation (UTD) is one of…
When a child presents with scrotal pain and swelling, the most important determination is between surgical and nonsurgical causes of the symptoms. This often cannot be differentiated with certainty from the physical examination and clinical history. Imaging can, therefore, be…