Embryology of the Eye Development of the eye originates from neuroectoderm, surface ectoderm, and neural crest cells. The neuroectodermal layer gives rise to the retina, iris, and optic nerve; the surface ectoderm gives rise to the lens; the neural crest…
Allergic-Like Reactions Introduction Contrast media (CM) are an essential aid in diagnostic medical imaging. They are used primarily to enhance the visibility of blood vessels, organs, and pathology in the body. CM are considered pharmacologic agents, and, like any other…
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has proved to be a powerful diagnostic imaging tool in children and adults. MRI uses low-energy nonionizing radio waves, and as such it is particularly well suited for pediatric and longitudinal imaging studies. MRI exploits a…
Diagnostic imaging has evolved from the single technique of radiography discussed in the first edition of Caffey's Pediatric X-Ray Diagnosis in 1945 to a specialty with many modalities and techniques. Many of these modalities use ionizing radiation, and some, such…
Introduction Perinatal/paediatric pathology is a medical subspecialty with particular expertise in diseases affecting the placenta, fetus, infant and child. In the United Kingdom, paediatric pathology has evolved rapidly over recent decades from a small area of practice for general histopathologists,…
Introduction Over the last ten years, the interest of radiologists and obstetricians in imaging the unborn child by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has grown significantly, not least facilitated by accelerated technical developments, especially in terms of fast imaging…
Introduction to Fetal Tumours Fetal tumours are fortunately rare. They can be associated with serious illness or even death in the fetal or neonatal period and the prenatal diagnosis of fetal tumours may have significant implications on the well-being of…
Red Cell Disorders Causes of Fetal Anaemia Rhesus D Alloimmunization Rhesus D (RhD) alloimmunization is the major cause of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). Over the past 40 years, the incidence of HDFN has fallen dramatically due…
Introduction Abnormalities of the urinary tract are relatively common, accounting for approximately 20% of all fetal malformations. The exact incidence of prenatally detected urinary tract anomalies is difficult to determine and varies from centre to centre and with the timing…
Introduction Congenital anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract, (including those of the anterior abdominal wall) account for approximately 15% of congenital abnormalities detected by routine prenatal ultrasound. The prenatal detection rates from routine ‘screening ultrasound’ either in the first trimester (usually…