Functional Abnormalities AGING Age-related change in the muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilages, and nerves that participate in pharyngeal function may alter swallowing dynamics, causing a swallowing disorder. The type of normal swallowing in young patients is found in only about 15%…
The pharynx is the crossroads of respiration, speech, and swallowing. During respiration, the pharynx is an active conduit for the passage of air from the nasopharynx to the laryngeal aditus. During speech, the pharynx functions as a resonating chamber, changing…
Physiology Precipitation of calcareous substances requires an alkaline medium and high local concentrations of ionic calcium. The term metastatic calcification refers to deposition of calcium salts in normal tissues secondary to hypercalcemia and an elevated pH. Although the stomach and…
Even with the widespread availability of cross-sectional imaging studies, abdominal radiography remains a common imaging test in modern radiology practice. Although computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound provide more information about acute abdominal conditions, abdominal radiographs (previously…
From the 1970s to 1990s, the abdominal radiograph traditionally served as the initial radiologic means of evaluating patients with suspected abdominal pathology. Since the early 2000s, however, computed tomography (CT) has become the major imaging procedure in patients with acute…
Foot Checklists 1 Radiographic examination AP Oblique Lateral Axial view of calcaneus 2 Common sites of injury in adults Metatarsals Neck, base, shaft Fifth MT – tuberosity, Jones’ fracture Phalanges Metatarsal/tarsal fracture-dislocation (Lisfranc) Calcaneus – compression fracture Talus Neck Lateral…
Ankle Checklists 1 Radiographic examination AP view Lateral view Internal oblique view 2 Common sites of injury in adults Lateral malleolus fibula Medial malleolus tibia Posterior malleolus tibia Pilon fracture of the tibial plafond Fractures of tarsus and midfoot mimicking…
Knee Checklists 1 Radiographic examination AP Obliques (internal and external) Cross-table lateral Sunrise view of patella 2 Hemarthrosis/lipohemarthrosis – distention of suprapatellar bursa Important clue to Underlying obscure fractures Cruciate and collateral ligament and meniscal injuries Most commonly ACL tear…
Hip Checklists 1 Radiographic examination Hip AP pelvis AP hip Frog leg-view hip Groin lateral hip Femur AP hip AP femoral shaft and condyles Lateral femoral shaft and condyles Oblique femoral shaft 2 Common sites of injury in adults Elderly…
Pelvis Checklists 1 Imaging assessment Radiographic examination AP Oblique views Internal oblique (obturator view) External oblique (iliac view) Inlet view Outlet view Computed tomography (CT) Axial Reformatted images Coronal Sagittal 3-D Volume-rendered semitransparent three-dimensional images to simulate radiographic views AP,…