Cause, clinical and ultrasound findings Inflammatory arthritis, athletic activity or injury may cause a ganglion. Pain and swelling are typical. The tendon sheath is distended with fluid and possible synovial tissue (tenosynovitis), with a large amount of low-echo ‘fluid’ either…
Cause, clinical and ultrasound findings Chronic tendinopathy may be associated with overuse injury, athletic activity, being overweight or inflammatory arthritis. Pain and swelling occur with impaired performance. The condition is associated with thickening of the tendon and intratendinous hypoechoic areas…
Cause, clinical and ultrasound findings Inflammatory arthritis, chronic injury or overuse may cause inflammation/microtearing of the tendon. Pain and swelling are present at the affected area. Hypoechoic areas and clefts with or without neovascularity and calcifications in the tendon. Irregularity…
Cause, clinical and ultrasound findings Autologous conditioned plasma (ACP) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are used to treat tendinopathy. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has reviewed the evidence and has issued guidance that the methods are unproven…
Cause, clinical and ultrasound findings Autologous blood injection is used as a treatment for tendinopathy. It is a recognised procedure in the United Kingdom. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has reviewed the evidence and has issued…
Mechanism of action Steroids act on the inflammatory cascade to reduce prostaglandin synthesis by up to 50% and to increase Interleukin-1 secretion by the synovial membranes. Steroids decrease immune cell migration and reduce vasodilatation and vessel permeability. This action increases…
A number of anaesthetics are used routinely in clinical practice. Those most commonly used are all amino amides, which are very stable in solution and metabolised by the liver. Amino amides Lidocaine Lidocaine is a short-acting local anaesthetic. It has…
Decide whether injection is appropriate A history and examination should be taken. Perform a diagnostic ultrasound to confirm diagnosis. Discuss with the patient what injection will entail and how it will be performed. Previous medical history to determine contraindication (relative…
The adnexa are composed of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, blood vessels, and supporting tissues such as the broad ligaments. The ovaries are a key component of the pelvic ultrasound examination, but it is also important to assess the surrounding tissues.…
Ultrasound is the modality of choice for the initial imaging assessment of the female pelvis in most settings. This chapter focuses on the sonographic evaluation of the pelvis, with particular attention to the uterus. Chapter 24 covers the ultrasound examination…