The peripheral veins may be affected by a variety of disorders which can be assessed by ultrasound. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and thromboembolic disease are the most common indications for investigation of the peripheral veins but venous insufficiency and vein…
Atheroma occurs to different degrees in different parts of an individual’s cardiovascular system and the lower limb arteries are particularly prone to the development of atherosclerosis. Approximately 2% of adults in late middle age in Western countries have intermittent claudication…
The Carotid and Vertebral Arteries CAROTID DISEASE AND STROKE Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In the United Kingdom, there are approximately 150 000 first strokes each year and some 53 000 deaths a year as a…
Principles of Blood Flow This section describes the simple principles of blood flow which are of value in understanding the role of Doppler and for performing vascular ultrasound examinations. The underlying principles of fluid mechanics applied to the flow of…
A number of techniques have been developed which exploit the shift in frequency of ultrasound when it is reflected from moving blood. This frequency shift is known as the ‘Doppler effect’. Five types of diagnostic Doppler instrument are usually distinguished:…
Questions 1. Refer to Fig. 24.1 . Which of the following is the best diagnosis? a. Adult respiratory distress syndrome. b. Pneumatoceles. c. Multiple abscesses. d. Bronchopleural fistula. e. Necrotizing pneumonia, abscesses, and bronchopleural fistula. 2. Which is the most…
Questions 1. Match the cases shown in Fig. 23.1, A – D , with the following diagnoses: ____Bronchogenic carcinoma. ____Pneumonia with abscess. ____Bronchopleural fistula with hydropneumothorax. ____Pulmonary gangrene. 2. Which one of the following pulmonary infections is least likely cause…
Questions 1. Match the abnormal thoracic lucencies seen in Fig. 22.1, A to C , with the following diagnoses. ____ Bilateral pneumothorax. ____ Bullous emphysema. ____ Ruptured subpleural bullae with pneumothorax. 2. Asymmetric air trapping may be confirmed by which…
Questions 1. A 50-year-old man admitted with a history of weight loss had the examinations shown in Fig. 21.1, A and B . Which one of the following procedures would most likely determine the site of a primary tumor? a.…
Questions 1. Refer to Fig. 20.1, A and B . Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis? a. Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma. b. Adenocarcinoma in situ. c. Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma. d. Invasive adenocarcinoma. e. Lymphoma. 2. The changing…