Breast cancer is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms originating from the epithelial cells lining the milk ducts. This heterogeneity has been observed in histology for a long time and formed the backbone of the traditional pathology-driven classification of breast cancer.…
The Need for Reducing Unnecessary Biopsies in Breast MRI Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast—referred to as standard breast MRI throughout this chapter—is considered the most sensitive test for diagnosis of malignant breast lesions. Standard breast…
Before the development of mammography, the detection of abnormalities in the breast was largely based on visual inspection and palpation. This has dramatically changed in the last half of the 20th century. The successive development of mammography, ultrasound, and breast…
The concept of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) emerged in the mid-1980s, together with the first images of water molecular diffusion in the human brain, as a way to probe tissue structure. Since then, diffusion MRI has become a pillar…
IMAGING ANATOMY Vertebral Bodies Ossified vertebral body appears echogenic Cartilaginous tip at spinous process appears hypoechoic Cervical : Upper 7 vertebrae C1 (atlas): No body, spinous process; circular shape C2 (axis): Body with bony peg (dens/odontoid process) C3-C6 similar in…
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GROSS ANATOMY Supratentorial Structures Gyri : Complex convolutions of brain cortex; hypoechoic on US Sulci (fissure): Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)-filled grooves or clefts that separate gyri; echogenic on US Sulci separate gyri, fissures separate hemispheres/lobes Frontal lobe Central sulcus separates…
KEY FACTS Terminology Incomplete uterine evacuation with retention of placental/trophoblastic tissue within endometrial cavity You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here