Category Radiology

Pediatric Interventional Sonography

Summary of Key Points Understanding of the different needs of the parents and the child being treated is essential for pediatric interventions. Multimodality interventional suites allow for procedural guidance with varied modalities at different points during the procedure. Although needle…

Pediatric Pelvic Sonography

Summary of Key Points Ultrasound is well suited for evaluation of the pediatric pelvis by providing excellent image quality without the use of radiation or the routine use of contrast material and without the need for sedation or anesthesia. Sonography…

The Pediatric Gastrointestinal Tract

Summary of Key Points Successful bowel ultrasound is facilitated by use of high-frequency transducers and real-time viewing of the bowel activity. Oral fluid administration and graded compression techniques help displace interfering bowel gas. Accurate measurement of the pyloric muscle thickness…

The Pediatric Urinary Tract and Adrenal Glands

Summary of Key Points Ultrasound can reliably characterize renal duplication, fusion, and rotational anomalies. Ultrasound is useful in evaluating renal, ureteral, and bladder anatomy in patients with suspected hydronephrosis. Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (CEVUS) is a promising technique that may eventually…

The Pediatric Liver and Spleen

Summary of Key Points Infants with neonatal jaundice should be imaged before 2 months of age to optimize surgical treatment of biliary atresia, if present. Steatosis and cirrhosis both attenuate the ultrasound beam, making imaging challenging, but it is important…

The Pediatric Chest

Summary of Key Points Ultrasound of the chest plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment of pleural effusion and empyema. Real-time ultrasound is very useful in evaluation of diaphragmatic motion disorders. Ultrasound can determine if a neoplastic lesion is…

The Pediatric Spinal Canal

Summary of Key Points Spine ultrasound is used in the evaluation of neonates and infants (up to 3-4 months) with high- or moderate-risk cutaneous manifestations of closed spinal dysraphism, clinical signs of a tethered cord, or congenital anomalies that are…

The Pediatric Head and Neck

Summary of Key Points Ultrasound is an excellent modality to evaluate head and neck masses in children because of its accessibility and lack of ionizing radiation. Lesion location is an important factor to consider in evaluation of head and neck…

Doppler Sonography of the Brain in Children

Summary of Key Points Transcranial Doppler (TCD) can be performed, with or without imaging. Four windows are available after closure of the anterior fontanelle—temporal, orbital, transforaminal, and submandibular. Physiologic variables including age, gender, hematocrit, viscosity, carbon dioxide, temperature, blood pressure,…