Key points Patients with cirrhosis are at highest risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and screening with sonography every 6 months is recommended. Early-stage HCC should be treated by resection, liver transplantation, or ablation. The best modality depends on tumor…
Introduction Research in interventional radiology has historically been driven by innovation and technological development leading to the conceptualization, investigation, validation, and application of a myriad of novel procedures into clinical practice. The development of new techniques and therapies is critical…
Key points The pathologic endpoint for percutaneous thermal or ethanol treatment of unresectable tumors is coagulation necrosis. Similarly, the goals of transarterial therapy are cell necrosis and apoptosis. Although specific follow-up imaging protocols differ among practitioners and institutions, contrast-enhanced computed…
Key points The clinical application of radiation oncology balances the dual goals of improved tumor control with reduced treatment-related morbidity. Over time, technological and biological advances have offered many opportunities to further reduce normal tissue complications and improve tumor control…
Key points Regional perfusion is a method of delivering high-dose chemotherapy to a region burdened with cancer. Isolated limb perfusion and hepatic perfusion are traditional open surgical methods of regional therapy in treating melanoma confined to an extremity or the…
Key points Percutaneous image-guided tumor ablation uses the cytotoxic properties of thermal energy or electric field strength to cause cell death. The thermal ablative effect due to coagulation necrosis is generated by the Radiofrequency probe, which acts as the cathode…
Key points Properly identify the indications and goals for the procedure to guide selection of embolic material. Become familiar with available embolic agents and common uses for each. A clear understanding of the relevant anatomy will allow for a safe…
In the United States, more than than 30 million (approximately one-third) of school-aged children participate in organized sports. Sports-related injuries occur more frequently in the lower extremities compared with the upper extremities. This section will review acute and chronic sports…
Overview Radiology played a major role in defining child abuse as a medical entity, most notably with the landmark publications by Caffey (1946) and Silverman (1953). Silverman also contributed to Kempe's 1962 paper, “The Battered Child,” which demonstrated the prevalence…
General Overview The dictum “Children are not small adults” is especially true regarding skeletal trauma. Fracture patterns, fracture healing, and fracture complications differ between children and adults. Fortunately, fracture complications are relatively uncommon. In healthy children, the process of fracture…