Key points Percutaneous image-guided tumor ablation uses the cytotoxic properties of thermal energy or electric field strength to cause cell death. The thermal ablative effect due to coagulation necrosis is generated by the Radiofrequency probe, which acts as the cathode…
Key points Properly identify the indications and goals for the procedure to guide selection of embolic material. Become familiar with available embolic agents and common uses for each. A clear understanding of the relevant anatomy will allow for a safe…
In the United States, more than than 30 million (approximately one-third) of school-aged children participate in organized sports. Sports-related injuries occur more frequently in the lower extremities compared with the upper extremities. This section will review acute and chronic sports…
Overview Radiology played a major role in defining child abuse as a medical entity, most notably with the landmark publications by Caffey (1946) and Silverman (1953). Silverman also contributed to Kempe's 1962 paper, “The Battered Child,” which demonstrated the prevalence…
General Overview The dictum “Children are not small adults” is especially true regarding skeletal trauma. Fracture patterns, fracture healing, and fracture complications differ between children and adults. Fortunately, fracture complications are relatively uncommon. In healthy children, the process of fracture…
Normal Bone Marrow Overview Bone marrow is one of the largest and most dynamic tissues in the body. Its functions include the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets for tissue oxygenation, cellular immunity, and blood coagulation,…
Several endocrine glands have significant effects on skeletal growth, maturation, and modeling, and understanding these effects facilitates correct radiographic interpretation. Renal osteodystrophy is also included in this chapter because of the importance of hyperparathyroidism (HPTH) in its pathophysiology, as are…
Skeletal ossification and mineralization are influenced by many metabolic factors, with sometimes arbitrary distinctions between metabolic bone disorders, endocrine bone disorders, and inherited skeletal dysplasias. Accurate diagnosis is essential because many of these disorders require specific therapy for both their…
Soft Tissue Tumors Overview In general, clinical presentation and findings guide diagnostic imaging in the assessment of soft tissue neoplasms. In children with subtle masses, the primary objective of imaging is to confirm or exclude the presence of a mass.…
Overview of Musculoskeletal Infections Musculoskeletal infections remain a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Historically, the workup and treatment of such infections has been based on clinical grounds supplemented by diagnostic aspiration and subsequent surgical incision and drainage. Today, imaging plays a…