INTRODUCTION Background Demyelinating and inflammatory disorders are neuroimmunologic disorders in which there is an exaggerated immune response to the central nervous system (CNS, Fig. 6.1 ). Neuroimmune disorders have become increasingly recognized as more prevalent than was previously understood, and…
INTRODUCTION Background Central nervous system (CNS) infections can be due to multiple pathogens; however, viral and bacterial infections are the most common ( Table 5.1 ). The CNS injury that results from the infection depends on the timing of infection,…
INTRODUCTION Background Inherited metabolic disorders are challenging to diagnose because they have variable clinical severity and age at presentation, are uncommonly encountered, and can have a range of imaging appearances. The variability in clinical manifestation and imaging appearance relates to…
HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC INJURY Key Points Background Hypoxic ischemic injury (HII) typically refers to a combination of a hypoxic and hypoperfusion injury to the fetal or neonatal brain. Clinical manifestations of HII include low Apgar scores (0–3 at 5 minutes and…
INTRODUCTION Brain malformations represent a disruption of normal development and can be caused by genetic, infectious, ischemic, and hemorrhagic factors. As seen in Table 2.1 , the time at which the insult occurs during development will determine the malformation. Because…
INTRODUCTION The human brain is a fascinating and essentially miraculous structure with layers upon layers of complexity in its anatomic organization, microscopic connectivity, biochemical workings, and functions. No human can grasp all of the complexity that allows the brain to…
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Introduction The successes in the 2000s and 2010s in developing reactive machine AI and limited-memory AI methods to detect and assess the present and severity of x-ray chest CT imaging findings associated with COVID-19 pneumonia, COPD, ILD, and lung cancer…
Virtual Physiological Human and a Lung Physiome Model The International Union of Physiological Physiome project was the foundation for the Virtual Physiological Human (VPH) initiative and the human physiome. The term physiome describes the physiology of the whole organism. The…
Introduction In this chapter, we look at more advanced AI machine learning computer programs for the assessment of normal and diseased lungs using lung CT AI. These AI programs go beyond the reactive machine methods and use the more advanced…