Anatomy Overview The Kidney The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs that primarily function in the excretion of metabolic waste. They are bean shaped with a convex lateral border and a concave medial surface known as the renal hilum. On intravenous…
Lymph Node Imaging Techniques Imaging evaluation of lymph nodes forms an integral component of staging of various malignancies, including lymphomas, and is also helpful in the evaluation of certain infective and inflammatory processes within the abdomen. This has special relevance…
Normal Variants and Congenital Anomalies The spleen begins to develop during the fifth week of embryogenesis when mesenchymal cells aggregate between the two leaves of the dorsal mesogastrium to form a lobulated embryonic spleen. Rotation of the stomach and growth…
Splenic Cysts Non-Neoplastic and Nonparasitic Splenic Cysts Etiology Non-neoplastic and nonparasitic splenic cysts are classified into primary (i.e., epithelial, true) and secondary (i.e., pseudocysts, false) cysts, depending on the presence or absence of the internal epithelial lining. Primary or epithelial…
Technical Aspects Functional imaging of the gallbladder and bile ducts is a valuable tool, providing critical information for the management of conditions of the biliary system. Modern functional techniques are noninvasive and can permit earlier and improved disease characterization resulting…
Focal gallbladder wall thickening is often an imaging diagnosis and encompasses a wide variety of differential diagnoses. Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder form an important group of conditions that are included in the differential diagnosis of focal gallbladder wall thickening…
Diffuse gallbladder wall thickening is commonly encountered in diagnostic settings. The ability of ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to directly visualize the thickened gallbladder wall ascertains the importance of this condition. Ultrasound is the initial imaging…
Etiology The exact pathogenesis of bile duct carcinoma has not been described, but predisposing factors are similar to those causing intrahepatic bile duct neoplasms. It is believed that long-standing inflammation causes metaplasia and, finally, carcinogenesis. Prevalence and Epidemiology Tumors of…
Etiology The exact pathogenesis of bile duct carcinoma has not been described, but predisposing factors include long-standing inflammation, parasitic infestation, toxin and drug exposures, and genetic abnormalities. It is believed that repeated inflammation leads to chronic bile duct injury with…
Etiology The precise cause of gallbladder carcinoma is unknown, but cholelithiasis and pancreaticobiliary malformations are major risk factors. Gallstones and reflux of pancreaticobiliary enzymes are thought to result in chronic repetitive inflammation of the gallbladder mucosa that, over time, may…