Anatomy, embryology, and pathophysiology Anatomy ◼ The kidneys are paired, bean-shaped, retroperitoneal organs that primarily function in the excretion of metabolic waste. ◼ The concave medial surface is known as the renal hilum. ◼ Each collecting system consists of the…
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ Renal calculi result from crystallization of supersaturated inorganic and organic compounds and proteins within renal tubular fluid, renal interstitial fluid, or in the urinary collecting system along the papillary surfaces. Supersaturation and crystallization of stone constituents…
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ Complex drainage system of lymphatic capillaries connected by ducts connected to central lymph node ‘stations’ following a similar course to the arterial system ( Figs. 21.1 and 21.2 ). ◼ Lymph nodes play an integral part…
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology Embryology Splenogenesis initiates in the fifth week of embryological life. The dorsal mesogastrium anchors the stomach posteriorly; it is within the two leaves of this mesogastrium that the spleen forms from mesenchymal cells. Asymmetric stomach growth results…
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ Jaundice refers to the clinical sign of hyperbilirubinemia (>2.5 mg/dL), often manifesting with yellowing of the cutaneous surfaces, sclerae conjunctiva, and oral mucosa. ◼ Largely subdivided into nonobstructive (prehepatic and hepatic etiologies) and obstructive (posthepatic etiologies).…
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ The gallbladder (GB) is a pear shaped musculomembranous structure, lying along the hepatic undersurface, functioning as a reservoir to accumulate bile (~30–50 mL). ◼ Embryologically, the GB develops from a diverticulum outpouching in the caudal portion…
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ Lesions in the liver are often characterized based upon underlying histology. The most common benign lesions include simple cysts, hemangiomas, hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), regenerative nodules, and hepatic abscess. ◼ Most benign hepatic…
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology Anatomy and embryology of the liver is presented in Chapter 15 . This chapter will continue with pathophysiology of cirrhosis. ◼ Cirrhosis is the final stage of chronic liver disease, which is characterized by diffuse parenchymal necrosis,…
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ◼ The liver is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen below the diaphragm. It is mostly covered by ribs but the lower portion of the liver is palpable below the right costal margin. The…
Anatomy, embryology, pathophysiology ( fig. 14.1 ) ◼ Serous cystadenoma: inactivation of von Hippel-Lindau ( VHL ) gene. ◼ Mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs): closeness of left primordial gonad to the dorsal pancreatic bud during development, with possible incorporation of ovarian…