Introduction In this chapter, we review the concepts and principles necessary for understanding and interpreting color Doppler images and pulsed Doppler waveforms and discuss the key elements needed for the interpretation of Doppler spectral waveforms. This includes a study of…
Introduction This chapter serves as an introduction to the physical and technical aspects of vascular sonography, including the following: (1) ultrasound principles, (2) transducers, (3) instruments, (4) advanced features, and (5) Doppler principles. These subjects are discussed in greater detail…
Overview The human circulatory system is extremely complex. Blood flow is influenced by many factors: 1. The heart influences the strength and amount of ejected blood. 2. The elastic arteries store energy during systole and maintain blood flow during diastole.…
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Eyes do not see what the mind does not know (Anonymous). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has been increasingly incorporated into clinical practice as a noninvasive method that offers superior structural and functional assessment of the heart, especially in patients presenting…
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For decades, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and positron emission tomography (PET) have been clinically established imaging modalities in cardiovascular medicine. For several years, a new multimodality imaging system, PET/magnetic resonance (MR), using sequential or even integrated scanner platforms has…
Explosive growth in medical imaging technology during the past few decades has provided physicians with an unparalleled ability to diagnose abnormalities of the cardiovascular system. However, in some cases, scientific enthusiasm and economic forces have helped diffuse new technologies widely…