Embryology Breast development begins at approximately the 5th to 6th embryonic week. It proceeds from a single ectodermal bud and begins developing along the ventral side of the embryo as paired longitudinal bands of thickened ectoderm called milk lines (mammary…
Introduction The female breast is a defining characteristic of femininity, and its distortion or absence may result in significant quality of life impairment and psychological distress. As a result, a variety of surgical techniques have been developed for reconstruction of…
For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com . See inside cover for access details. Introduction Breast augmentation is the most popular esthetic surgery procedure. In the United States 450,000 implants are placed for reconstructive surgery purposes and 5,083,717 for breast…
Introduction The modern management of facial trauma had its origins in the trenches of World War I, when disciplines united to deal with the devastating results of missiles. Plastic surgeons, neurosurgeons, dentists, and anesthetists worked together in a structured environment…
Introduction Scalp comprises the forehead and the hair-bearing regions. It extends from the supraorbital ridge anteriorly to the highest nuchal line posteriorly, while ears and zygomatic arches define its lateral borders. In surgical practice, the scalp refers to the hair-bearing…
Introduction A variety of traumatic ear defects are observed after amputation, be they partial, subtotal or total, all of which require complex contour reconstruction. There are multiple causes of ear amputations and this summary chapter aims to define some principles…
Introduction Reconstructive surgery of the face and eyelids has undergone significant changes in the past half century. The increased specialization and advanced understanding of anatomy and physiology of the periocular region has coincided with an increased number of reconstructive options…
Introduction The nose maintains the central position on the face and often can be a challenging structure to successfully reconstruct, both its form and the function. The fundamental techniques of reconstruction emerged early in history as a response to the…
Introduction The lips constitute the main feature of the lower third of the face, and have been a focus of interest by reconstructive, cleft, and esthetic surgeons. Functionally, the lips play many important roles – articulation and enunciation in speech;…
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Associate Professor Michael Leung in the preparation of this chapter. Introduction Defects of the cheek pose a challenge for the reconstructive surgeon. It is a mostly flat and relatively featureless terrain whose superficial…