Hypercholesterolemia Cholesterol , a critical structural element, comprises about 25% of the cell membrane and occurs in an equal proportion to phospholipid constituents (Fig. 2.7). It provides some rigidity to an otherwise completely flexible membranous structure. Its presence in the…
Hemolytic Anemia: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (A Rare Disease) Hemolytic Anemia In the process of its maturation, the red blood cell ( RBC ) eliminates many of its subcellular structures, including the cell nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus to…
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I, von Gierke Disease (and Others: At Least 11 Types of Glycogen Storage Disease) This disease occurs as a result of an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the synthesis or breakdown of glycogen, the…
Diabetes Diabetes was recognized as early as 1500 BCE. Diabetes is a disease in which glucose cannot be utilized properly. There are basically two types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes occurs, typically in the young, when the β-cells of the…
Diagnostic Enzymology The principle of diagnostic enzymology is that various disease conditions cause increased cell membrane permeability to macromolecules or outright lysis of the cell membrane that allow macromolecules, dissolved in the cytoplasm, to leak into the extracellular space and…
Prion Disease, A Disease of Protein Conformational Change The prion diseases in man are Creutzfeldt–Jakob, Gerstmann–Straussler–Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, kuru, and Alpers syndrome. Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is of interest, especially in view of the outbreak in Britain of the…
Knowledge concerning water, pH, and buffers is basic for the study of biological systems. Some general features of receptors, channels, and pumps are critical to the understanding of cellular biochemistry because the human body is made up of separate organs…
Cellular Trafficking in Alzheimer’s Disease According to the Alzheimer’s Association, it is estimated in 2014 that about 5.2 million Americans have Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Of these, about 200,000 are below the age of 65. It is projected that by 2050,…
Treatment of the Injured Knee: Use of Stem Cells to Replace Damaged Cartilage In the human body the knee, as it supports the entire body weight, is susceptible not only to acute injury but also, in particular, to the development…
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