Intellectual disability (ID) refers to a group of disorders that have in common deficits of adaptive and intellectual function and an age of onset before maturity is reached. Definition Contemporary conceptualizations of ID emphasize functioning and social interaction rather than…
Most children learn to communicate in their native language without specific instruction or intervention other than exposure to a language-rich environment. Normal development of speech and language is predicated on the infant's ability to hear, see, comprehend, remember, and socially…
Math Disabilities Kenneth L. Grizzle Keywords dyscalculia math disability Individual with Disabilities Education Act IDEA individualized education plan IEP response to intervention specific learning disorder with impairment in mathematics Data from the U.S. National Center for Educational Statistics for 2009 showed…
The most current definition of dyslexia is now codified in U.S. Federal law (First Step Act of 2018, PL: 115–391): “The term dyslexia means an unexpected difficulty in reading for an individual who has the intelligence to be a much…
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood, among the most prevalent chronic health conditions affecting school-aged children, and one of the most extensively studied neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. ADHD is characterized by inattention, including increased distractibility…
Terminology and Epidemiology A neurodevelopmental function is a basic brain process needed for learning and productivity. Executive function (EF) is an umbrella term used to describe specific neurocognitive processes involved in the regulating, guiding, organizing, and monitoring of thoughts and…
Psychosis is a severe disruption of thought, perception, and behavior resulting in loss of reality testing. Psychosis can occur as part of a mood disorder, such as major depressive disorder or bipolar I disorder; between mood disorder episodes, as in…
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Lying There are various reasons why a child might lie. For children between ages 2 and 4 yr, lying can be used as a method of playing with language. By observing the reactions of parents, preschoolers learn about expectations for honesty…