The first renal neoplasm was reported nearly 200 years ago. In 1953, about eight renal tumors were described in a well-known textbook on surgical pathology. As a consequence of the contributions of numerous investigators over many decades, the most recent…
“Study with me, then, a few things in the spirit of truth alone so we may establish the manner of Nature’s operation. For this essay which I plan, will shed light upon the structure of the kidney. Do not stop…
Common Clinical Manifestations of Central and Peripheral Nervous System Disease Pathological basis of neurological signs and symptoms Sign or symptom Pathological basis Headache Intracranial cause Raised intracranial pressure Constriction and dilatation of intracranial vessels (migraine) Irritation or inflammation of meninges…
Open full size image Common Clinical Problems From Osteoarticular and Connective Tissue Disease Pathological basis of clinical signs and symptoms of bone, joint and connective tissue diseases Sign or symptom Pathological basis Bone disease Pain Stimulation of nerve endings in…
Common Clinical Problems From Skin Disease Pathological basis of dermatological signs Clinical sign Pathological basis Scaling Parakeratosis Erythema Dilatation of skin vessels Blisters Separation of layers of the epidermis or epidermis from dermis Bruising Leakage of blood into dermis Pigmentation…
Common Clinical Problems IN Blood and Bone Marrow Disease Pathological basis of haematological signs and symptoms Sign or symptom Pathological basis Tiredness, dyspnoea Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood due to anaemia Mucosal pallor Anaemia Glossitis (sore mouth, smooth tongue) Mucosal…
Common Clinical Problems Arising From Diseases of Lymph Nodes, Extranodal Lymphoid Tissues, Spleen and Thymus Pathological basis of signs and symptoms attributable to lymphoid, splenic or thymic disorders Sign or symptom Pathological basis Enlarged lymph nodes Hyperplasia of lymphoid components…
Common Clinical Problems From Kidney Disease Pathological basis of renal symptoms and signs Symptom or sign Pathological basis Proteinuria Increased permeability of the glomerular capillary wall to macromolecules Reduced tubular reabsorption of filtered proteins Uraemia Renal failure: reduced glomerular filtration…
Common Clinical Problems From Diseases of the Male Genitourinary Tract Pathological basis of clinical signs and symptoms in the male genitourinary tract Sign or symptom Pathological basis Abnormal micturition Dysuria (pain) Inflammation of the urethra, often accompanying a urinary tract…
Common Clinical Problems From Female Genital Tract Disease Pathological basis of signs and symptoms in the female genital tract Sign or symptom Pathological basis Vaginal bleeding In pregnancy Postcoital Postmenopausal Haemorrhage from placenta (e.g. placenta praevia), placental bed (e.g. miscarriage)…