Key Points Although most otolaryngologists are familiar with pediatric obstructive sleep apnea, nonobstructive sleep disorders are also common causes of morbidity in children. A dyssomnia is a primary sleep disorder characterized by an abnormality in the amount, quality, or timing…
Key Points Sleep-disordered breathing is an important cause of morbidity in children and may lead to growth failure, neurocognitive and behavioral abnormalities, cardiovascular dysfunction, and rarely death. Workup includes a comprehensive history and physical examination. Polysomnography is recommended prior to…
Key Points Pediatric otolaryngologic procedures often require a shared workspace between the surgical and anesthesia teams. Excellent perioperative outcomes depend on professional trust, collaboration, and teamwork. Pediatric patients undergoing otolaryngologic procedures have significantly different physical characteristics, physiology, pharmacology, coping strategies,…
Key Points Children are physiologically different from adults, especially in the early stages of life. The practice of pediatric otolaryngology relies on close collaboration with other disciplines to manage children with complex medical issues and often with complicated family networks.…
Key Points Otosclerosis is the most common cause of progressive conductive hearing loss (CHL) in adults. The prevalence of otosclerosis is greater in women, with a 2 : 1 female-to-male distribution. The typical age of onset of noticeable hearing loss is in…
Key Points Impedance matching of sound pressure delivered to the inner ear through the auditory conductive pathway results from the interaction of the catenary, ossicular, and hydraulic lever systems housed in the middle ear. Sound amplification from the middle ear…
Key Points Endoscopy of the middle ear provides improved visualization compared with the microscope and allows surgeons to look around corners to identify and remove middle ear disease. Preoperative computed tomography scans are important to assess the extent of disease…
Key Points Although all major components of the temporal bone are present in infants, the mastoid tip has yet to develop. The stylomastoid foramen is located more superficially, which makes the facial nerve vulnerable to surgical trauma. The temporal line…
Key Points The ultimate goals of tympanoplasty are to restore middle ear function by eradicating infection and middle ear pathology, to reestablish a tympanic membrane (TM) that resists infection and epithelial ingrowth, and to secure a durable connection between the…
Key Points Although declining in incidence, the complications of temporal bone infections continue to carry the potential for extensive morbidity and mortality. The management of infectious intratemporal complications that are suppurative in nature or related to cholesteatoma can be facilitated…