1 Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a common condition resulting from a decrease in upper airway size and patency during sleep. Apneas, hypopneas, and episodes of airflow limitation occur during sleep, resulting in physiologic changes, including reductions in…
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1 Background and Rationale for Surgical Therapy The rationale for and the objectives of surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are fundamentally analogous to those of medical management: to improve sleep-related symptoms and quality-of-life measures and to reduce cardiovascular…
1 Introduction Intraoral mandibular advancement devices (MADs) have become an acceptable and common treatment for the signs and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the United States. Oral appliances can be employed as a first-line modality for OSA and…
1 Introduction Arguably, the goal of treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is (1) elimination or improvement of symptoms, (2) normalization or improvement of sleep study parameters, and (3) cardiovascular risk reduction in the longer term. The latter is especially…
1 Introduction Positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy is the standard modality for treating moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adults. It was first described by Colin Sullivan, an Australian pulmonologist, in 1981. There are several theories as to…
1 Introduction Numerous treatment options for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) presently exist. These treatments range from noninvasive behavioral modifications to nightly use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices to numerous pharyngeal expansion procedures that either alter airway anatomy or…
1 Introduction Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) was introduced by Croft and Pringle in 1991 and over time has increased in popularity and is applied worldwide. The evaluation requires pharmacologic induction of sedation and flexible fiber-optic endoscopy to visualize upper airway…
1 Introduction Testing for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) outside of the sleep laboratory setting has become increasingly common in the United States. Since 2008, when the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) began reimbursing for the use of home…
1 Introduction The assessment of patients for snoring and sleep apnea includes a comprehensive sleep history, physical examination, and a diagnostic sleep study. The compilation of this information allows for the formulation of a treatment plan that is tailored to…