Epidemiology Retinoblastoma represents 3% of all pediatric cancers and is with an incidence of 1:15,000 to 20,000 live births per year not only the most frequent intraocular malignancy in children but also credited as the most frequent eye cancer in…
Introduction The vitreous, a transparent gelatinous structure that fills the posterior four-fifths of the globe, is firmly attached to the pars plana and loosely to the retina and optic nerve posteriorly. In childhood there is a firm attachment to the…
Introduction Albinism, derived from the Latin albus , meaning white, is an inherited disorder of melanin biosynthesis, which results in absent or reduced melanin production and causes a set of phenotypically heterogeneous conditions characterized by pigment deficiency. Melanogenesis requires complex…
Introduction This chapter will discuss non-infectious childhood ocular inflammatory disease (OID), including uveitis and the vasculitides. Infectious uveitis will be discussed only as a differential diagnosis. OIDs other than uveitis will be discussed where there is a common cause. Most…
Introduction Aniridia syndrome (OMIM 106210) is a rare multisystem disorder with a prevalence of 1:40,000 to 1:72,000. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner in about two-thirds of cases, with the remainder being sporadic. The condition is caused by…
Introduction Disorders of the iris are common in childhood. Several genetic and environmental factors may result in developmental disorders of the iris including colobomas, aniridia, and albinism. The iris may be affected by systemic disorders such as neurofibromatosis type 1…
For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Introduction Glaucoma in children is a rare, potentially blinding condition. Characterized by elevated intraocular pressure-related damage to the eye, it is caused by a diverse group of…
For videos accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com . See inside cover for access details. Cataracts, which are opacities of the crystalline lens, are an important problem in children worldwide. The incidence varies, but in the UK the adjusted cumulative incidence…
For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Anatomy The crystalline lens, like the cornea, has two principal optical properties: transparency and refractive power. Its structure reflects this. It is a transparent, biconvex, avascular mass…
For video s accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Introduction Corneal surgery in children is challenging and there is reluctance to perform these procedures due to poor outcomes. However, modern imaging modalities and surgical techniques…