Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a well-appreciated heterogeneous disorder of the endocrine system. It is usually detected in women of reproductive age group who present with a cluster of clinical features ranging from androgen excess (hirsutism, alopecia, and/or acne)…
Impact of subfertility Irrespective of the society, culture, class, division, and educational status of an individual, subfertility effects both the male and the female. Both have an equal sense of the debarment; nevertheless, it has been observed that for various…
Having babies is a right and wish of all the couples after marriage, but an intact hormonal system, psychological stability, and emotional composure are the merits for achieving due to maturation of the sperm and ovum leading to the fertilization…
Introduction Our concept of human ovarian reserve presumes that the ovary develops several million nongrowing follicles (NGFs) at around 5 months of gestational age. Over the life span of a female, it undergoes a monthly cycle of oocyte maturation as…
Introduction Every healthy human female experiences reproductive cycles that organize their reproductive system for pregnancy. The reproductive cycles are under the dynamic influence of integrated action of hormones from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and gonadal ovarian steroids. Ovarian cycle is directly…
Physiology of the male reproductive system Introduction The male reproductive physiology involves external structures (scrotum and penis) and internal structures (testis, epididymis, vas deferens, and prostate). These are well vascularized and supported by several other glands. The primary male androgen…
Embryology of the male and female reproductive systems Embryonic sexual differentiation is a very delicate process ( Fig. 1.1 ) that starts with the genotypic determination at the time of fertilization (i.e., XY or XX) and then concludes in a…
The following lists were developed from the syndromes delineated in Chapter 1 . Listed for each anomaly are the syndromes in which this defect is a frequent feature, as well as those syndromes in which it is an occasional feature.…
The following compilation of normal measurements is set forth as an aid in determining whether or not a given feature is abnormal. Such data may be especially useful when the visual impression is potentially misleading. For example, when the nasal…
Minor anomalies are herein defined as unusual morphologic features that are of no serious medical or cosmetic consequence to the patient. The value of their recognition is that they may serve as indicators of altered morphogenesis in a general sense…