Pelvic floor Anatomy and composition The pelvic floor is a highly complex, heterogeneous structure that supports the pelvic organs. In certain cases, such as childbirth, substantial stretch and accommodation of the pelvic floor must occur. Although the precise physiology by…
Introduction The two functions of the lower urinary tract are the storage of urine within the bladder and the timely expulsion of urine from the urethra. The precise neurologic pathways and neurophysiologic mechanisms that control these functions of storage and…
Embryology Formation of the mesoderm The period of organogenesis, also called the embryonic period, spans the third to the eighth week of development. At approximately 15 days after fertilization, invagination and lateral migration of mesodermal cells occur between the ectodermal…
Pelvic anatomy Bones of the pelvis The bones of the pelvis are the rigid foundation to which all the pelvic structures are ultimately anchored. In the standing position, forces are dispersed to minimize pressures on the pelvic viscera and musculature…
Fertility awareness In our society, fertility awareness (FA) is deficient, since cultural and religious factors increase the prevalence of misconceptions and myths. Core factors encompass low education, persistent health-related issues, scarcity of resources for well-being, nonexistence of a developed public…
Introduction “Assisted reproduction” is the support provided to address infertility issues. It refers to all methods that assist infertile couples to achieve pregnancy and give birth to their own babies. Infertility rate in Pakistan is documented to be 21.9%, and…
Females inherit a reservoir of around 300,000 primordial follicles, with primary oocytes arrested at the first meiotic division. They attain maturation into the functional phase toward diversity periodically every month by regulators that govern them to survive or lead them…
Introduction The pituitary gland, also called the master gland of the human endocrine system, is situated at the base of the skull within the sella turcica, a part of the sphenoid bone. Anatomically it is divided into two parts: (i)…
Introduction An optimal level of thyroid hormones is needed for reproductive health. This has been proved clearly in women who have a higher chance of having “autoimmune thyroid diseases (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease)” compared to men. Both overt and…
Introduction The lining of a woman’s uterus is made up of endometrial tissue that sheds in each menstrual cycle. In endometriosis, similar tissue develops on abnormal anatomical locations such as in the pelvis or abdominal cavity. This mislaid tissue shows…