Introduction The skeleton is the third most common site of metastatic disease, with the spinal column being the most common location. Metastatic spinal disease can be found in 20% to 30% of patients with primary malignancies and leads to significant…
Introduction Metastatic spine disease occurs in approximately 20% of cancer patients, with an estimated 20,000 new cases each year. Most malignancies have the ability to spread to the spine, but the most common primary sites are lung, breast, prostate, and…
Introduction Rod fracture following complex spinal deformity correction is a common problem occurring in up to 15% of cases. Following deformity correction, the rods act as struts that allow the bony fusion to occur. The rods during this time period…
Introduction Kyphoscoliosis is the loss of the normal thoracolumbar curvature resulting in increased kyphosis as a result of either increased thoracic kyphosis or thoracolumbar kyphosis. This can result in significant amount of disability due to pain drastically altering the patient’s…
Introduction Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common type of scoliosis, affecting 2% to 4% of adolescents with an occurrence rate of 0.5 to 5.2%. Although the pathophysiology is unclear, there are some studies that suggest a genetic component.…
Introduction Adult degenerative scoliosis (ADS), or de novo degenerative lumbar scoliosis, is a form of spinal deformity diagnosed in individuals with a coronal curve of >10 degrees, beginning after the age of 50, and without a prior history of scoliosis.…
Introduction The cervical spine, which was first described as lordotic by Borden et al. in 1960, is tasked with the responsibility of maintaining a wide range of motion, and allowing proper gaze that is essential for upright gait. The cervical…
Introduction Flat back syndrome is described as loss of lumbar lordosis, which alters the center of gravity, thereby shifting the head anterior to the sacrum causing sagittal imbalance. This is typically seen following multiple lumbar fusions with distraction of the…
Introduction Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common type of scoliosis, affecting 2% to 4% of adolescents with an occurrence rate of 0.5 to 5.2%. Although the pathophysiology is unclear, there are some studies that suggest a genetic component.…
Introduction Adult degenerative scoliosis (ADS), or de novo degenerative lumbar scoliosis, is a spinal deformity diagnosed in individuals with a coronal curve of >10 degrees, beginning after the age of 50, and without a prior history of scoliosis. It differs…