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Scenario A 45-year-old female with a 2-year history of right lower extremity complex regional pain syndrome I (CRPS I) is referred by a community neurologist for a trial of spinal cord stimulation (SCS). The patient incurred an Achilles tendon injury…
Scenario A 57-year-old female with a history of L4-L5 and L5-S1 laminectomy and fusion presents with persistent axial back and left leg pain. She has been diagnosed with failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). She has trialed several medial branch blocks…
Open full size image 17.1 Dementia Dementia is a group of symptoms affecting memory, thought processes, and social interactions to a sufficient extent to interfere with daily life. It is accompanied by cognitive changes such as memory loss, confusion, getting…
Open full size image Autonomic Nervous System 16.1 General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System See next page. The autonomic nervous system is a two-neuron chain connecting preganglionic neurons through ganglia to visceral target tissues (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, secretory…
Open full size image Lower Motor Neurons 15.1 Alpha and Gamma Lower Motor Neurons All lower motor neuron (LMN) groups except the facial nerve nucleus that supplies the muscles of facial expression consist of both alpha LMNs that supply the…
Open full size image Somatosensory Systems 14.1 Somatosensory Afferents to the Spinal Cord Unmyelinated (UNM) and small myelinated (M) axons that convey nociception and temperature sensation terminate in laminae I and V (origin of the spinothalamic tract). Other UNM axons…
Open full size image 13.1A Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 1—Mid Pons These axial (horizontal) sections compare anatomical sections and high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images. They are cut in the true horizontal (axial) plane, not in the older…
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Open full size image Brainstem Cross-Sectional Anatomy 11.1 Brainstem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 1 Illustrations of brainstem cross sections (Figs. 11.1–11.4) are arranged from caudal to rostral, from the spinal-medullary junction to the rostral mesencephalon-diencephalon junction; T1-weighted magnetic resonance images of…