Introduction Evaluation of the renal morphology in allograft patients is used to answer two major questions: Is the failure of the graft caused by rejection or some other unrelated lesion? And if rejection is present, what immune mechanism(s) is (are)…
Introduction Chronic or end-stage kidney disease can result from widely divergent causes, such as glomerular, vascular, and tubulointerstitial diseases. The use of the formulaic estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is now a standard practice, and this has resulted in the…
Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem affecting approximately 10% to 13% of the population in developed countries, where diabetes mellitus and hypertension are the leading causes of CKD. In developing countries, the percentage of patients…
Introduction The tubulointerstitial compartment is affected in all forms of renal disease with changes that include tubular epithelial injury, atrophy, hypertrophy/hyperplasia, and fibrosis. These changes can be primary, with the tubule and interstitium as the target of damage, but they…
Diabetic nephropathy The classic patient with diabetic nephropathy (DN) typically presented with gradual progression of disease from microalbuminuria to proteinuria, usually about 15 years after onset of diabetes. Renal lesions are quite similar in type I and type II diabetes…
Primary glomerular diseases Glomerular diseases that cause nephrotic syndrome: Nonimmune complex Minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: Introduction Minimal change disease (MCD) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) both typically present as nephrotic syndrome and cannot be readily distinguished based…
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Objectives This chapter will: 1. Describe the role of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) as risk factors of renal impairment in everyday clinical practice. 2. Describe the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and ARBs in the…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Detail the pathophysiology of ischemia/reperfusion injury and hypothermic protection described in experimental evidence. 2. Discuss the limitations of animal models. 3. Describe three clinical scenarios in which hypothermia is used in clinical settings of ischemia…