## Kidney disease is defined by a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), impairment of tubular function, or damage to kidney structure. This damage manifests as loss of the integrity of the filtration barrier, impairment of tubular function, or…
## The relatively simple chemical tests performed during routine urinalysis rapidly provide important information about a number of primary kidney and systemic disorders. The microscopic examination of the urine sediment is an indispensable part of the evaluation of patients with…
## Excretory function of the kidney occurs by glomerular filtration of plasma followed by selective tubular reabsorption or secretion of water and solutes to maintain homeostasis. Because glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is generally considered the best overall assessment of kidney…
Development of the Mammalian Kidney Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are common birth defects that account for 40%-50% of pediatric end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) worldwide. These comprise a wide range of malformations that may be sporadic…
## The kidneys play an essential role in normal homeostasis. The key functions of the kidneys include: 1 Maintenance of normal body fluid composition . The kidney plays a primary role in the regulation of both the intracellular and extracellular…
Overview of Transition/Transfer to Adult Care Adolescence is known as a period of transition toward adulthood that is characterized by significant developmental changes in cognitive, emotional, and social domains. For adolescent/young adult dialysis patients, this process also involves the acquisition…
Introduction Infectious complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD). This chapter reviews the major infectious risks of each modality, proposed preventive strategies, treatment guidelines, and areas for further development.…
Cardiovascular Mortality in Children on Maintenance Dialysis Reports from international registries since 2000 have confirmed, that like in adults, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and young adults with childhood…
Introduction Anemia is common and associated with adverse outcomes in children with chronic kidney disease. The management of anemia was dramatically changed due to the development of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and new understandings of iron metabolism. As the adverse effects…
Childhood and adolescence are crucial times for developing a healthy skeletal system; alterations in bone modeling/remodeling in youth carry consequences that severely impact quality of life even into adulthood. In childhood, chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes disordered regulation of mineral…