KEY POINTS 1. Stridor is a sound caused by obstruction of the upper airway, usually from abnormalities within one or more of the subsites of the larynx (supraglottis, glottis, and subglottis) or in the trachea. 2. Stridor is a physical…
KEY POINTS 1. Chronic cardiopulmonary and neurologic disorders are the most common indications for neonatal tracheostomy, overtaking upper airway obstruction. 2. Noninvasive ventilation of neonates is likely reducing indications and the need for tracheostomy. 3. Neonatal tracheostomy is associated with…
KEY POINTS 1. Cataracts are inherited or sporadic; congenital or acquired; isolated or in a syndrome. 2. Size, density, and location of lens opacity influence its visual significance. 3. Timing of cataract surgery is important; earlier detection and surgery have…
KEY POINTS 1. Causes of primary neonatal corneal opacification include congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED), posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy, congenital hereditary stromal dystrophy (CHED), and corneal dermoid. Secondary causes include trauma (e.g., forceps), infection, metabolic disorders, and congenital glaucoma. Corneal…
KEY POINTS 1. Major structural abnormalities of the eye in neonates include anophthalmos (no ocular tissues), microphthalmos (small, disorganized eye), nanophthalmos (small but relatively normally structured eye), and buphthalmos (whole eye is enlarged). 2. Major eyelid defects in neonates include…
KEY POINTS 1. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease characterized by altered vascularization of the immature retina of premature infants and is common cause of reduced vision in the developed world. 2. The first, obliterative phase of ROP occurs…
KEY POINTS 1. Congenital renal anomalies account for one-fourth of all congenital anomalies. 2. Early pre- or postnatal detection can facilitate appropriate, timely management. 3. Many infants will require coordinated, multispecialty treatment. 4. Renal abnormalities are being increasingly recognized in…
KEY POINTS 1. Blood pressure should be measured with the proper cuff size on the right upper arm with attention to technique when using oscillometric devices in neonates. 2. Blood pressure is rapidly changing during the first weeks of life,…
KEY POINTS 1. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is an effective therapy for treating neonates with acute kidney injury (AKI) and inborn errors of metabolism with hyperammonemia. 2. Peritoneal dialysis is used most frequently to treat AKI in neonates, although intermittent…
KEY POINTS 1. Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously referred to as “acute renal failure”, is defined by an abrupt change in the glomerular filtration rate with rising serum creatinine levels or decrease in urine output. AKI is associated with adverse…