KEY POINTS Excessive femoral anteversion results from medial rotation of the femur after birth. Surgery consisting of femoral derotation osteotomy is usually only contemplated in children older than 8 years with insufficient spontaneous correction, particularly children with diplegic cerebral palsy.…
KEY POINTS Rotational abnormalities of the lower extremities (in-toeing and out-toeing) are common in young children, and abnormal rotation is termed torsion . In-toeing is caused by one of three types of deformities: metatarsus adductus (during the first year), internal…
KEY POINTS Flexible flatfoot is common in children and influenced by age, weight, and gender. This deformity usually becomes evident with weight bearing and is often caused by ligamentous laxity and strongly associated with genetic connective tissue disorders. Treatment of…
KEY POINTS Constraint of the feet while the legs are in a flexed and folded position can result in medial overlapping of the toes, especially the fifth, fourth, and third toes. Congenital curly toes are relatively common, asymptomatic soft tissue…
KEY POINTS Over the past 25 years there has been a dramatic shift away from extensive surgical releases to manipulative methods with serial casting. The term idiopathic talipes equinovarus is used to describe the most common type of isolated clubfoot…
KEY POINTS Metatarsus adductus is the most common pediatric foot deformation related to intrauterine constraint. The feet turn inward, but the ankle and heel are generally in normal position with a flexible heel cord. In mild and flexible cases, manipulative…
KEY POINTS Calcaneovalgus deformation is usually the result of extrinsic deformation. The foot is usually quite flexible and should return to normal without intervention. If not resolved after several months, consider the use of external splints. GENESIS Calcaneovalgus deformation has…
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KEY POINTS This text is primarily concerned with extrinsic deformations produced by unusual or excessive constraint of an otherwise normal fetus. Individual deformations in this book are presented in an atlas format along with deformation sequences. Deformations are structural defects…
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