Historically enterococci, Streptococcus bovis, and S. equinus were grouped together as Lancefield group D streptococci. However, genomic analysis resulted in the reclassification of these organisms, and enterococci now are considered a separate genus ( Table 120.1 ). This chapter focuses…
The Pathogen and Pathogenicity Streptococcus agalactiae is the species designation for Lancefield group B Streptococcus (GBS). Colonies appear on sheep blood agar as 3- to 4-mm, grey-white colonies typically with a narrow zone of β-hemolysis; organisms are gram-positive cocci. The…
Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge use of substantial material from this chapter in the previous edition. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is synonymous with Streptococcus pyogenes, the only species in this group of β-hemolytic streptococci. GAS is a leading pathogenic bacterium affecting…
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Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), once considered nonpathogenic commensal organisms, now are recognized clearly as potential true pathogens, particularly in hospitalized patients and those with indwelling foreign bodies. Multiple surveys have shown that CoNS are the…
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge substantial use of Robert S. Duam’s work in this chapter in the previous edition. Staphylococcus aureus is the most virulent species of the genus Staphylococcus and the most common pathogen isolated among pediatric patients in North…
The ability to differentiate among distinct groups of organisms and to communicate with a common language about organisms in the context of disease is essential for clinical microbiologists and for physicians caring for patients. The official taxonomic ranks for naming…
The treatment and prognosis of pediatric HIV infection have changed dramatically since the start of the epidemic in the 1980s. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children has developed…
Opportunistic infections (OIs) were key to the identification of the AIDS and have been a major cause of HIV-associated morbidity and mortality. An unusual clustering of cases of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia ( Pneumocystis pneumonia, PCP) in the early 1980s led…
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the use of substantial material from this chapter in the previous edition. Most cases of HIV infection in infants and young children result from perinatal transmission, which can occur in utero, during labor and delivery, or…