OUTLINE Epidemiology of Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19, 159 Historical Background of Neurological Effects of the Coronavirus Family, 160 Pathophysiology, Pathogenesis, and Proposed Mechanisms of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus and the Nervous System, 161 COVID-19 and the Peripheral Nervous System, 162 Anosmia…
OUTLINE Epidemiology of Cardiac Injury From COVID-19, 137 History of Cardiovascular Effects From SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, 138 Pathophysiology and Potential Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Injury From COVID-19, 138 Renin-Angiotensin System, 138 Direct Infection of the Myocardium, 139 Cytokine-Mediated Cardiac Injury, 140…
OUTLINE COVID-19 Manifestations in the Respiratory System, 100 Clinical Presentation, 100 Complications, 101 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, 102 COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, 111 Lung Microbiome and COVID-19, 114 Specific COVID-19 Pulmonary Complications, 115 COVID-19 Long-Term Pulmonary Complications, 116 Treatment…
OUTLINE Short Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 With SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, 72 Natural History, 73 Incubation Period, 73 Spectrum of COVID-19, 74 Pathogenicity and Virulence, 74 Asymptomatic Disease and Carrier Status, 75 Asymptomatic Patient Trajectories, 75 Symptomatic Patient Trajectories, 76 Demographics, 76…
The extraordinary global spread of SARS-CoV-2 through naïve populations provides compelling evidence of both the strengths and limitations of the human immune response: on the one hand, recognizing and eliminating a novel viral pathogen, while on the other, causing potentially…
SARS-CoV-2 and Coronaviruses Evolutionary Origins In the last two decades, three coronaviruses have caused outbreaks of varying scales, with the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) representing the most recent threat to human health at a…
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a highly contagious disease called CO rona VI rus D isease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus was first reported in Wuhan city, Hubei Province of China in December 2019; in less than 3…
Overall Principles Vaccination has been the most effective medical intervention in the modern era. Historically, the focus on vaccine development and implementation programs has been on preventing infectious diseases during infancy and early childhood. The current vaccine schedule for early…
Effective antimicrobial treatment typically begins with empirical therapy at a dose that is most likely to cure the infection with the minimal risk of toxic effects. To select the correct dosage, clinicians need to understand and apply the principles of…
For years, investigators have sought a test or panel of tests able to diagnose neonatal sepsis accurately and more rapidly than is possible with the recovery of microorganisms from specimens of sterile body fluids or tissues. Although results of some…