In 1992 a landmark report by the Institute of Medicine titled “Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States” highlighted the importance of the often underappreciated concept of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). This report brought EIDs back into…
Each year, more than 50 million travelers from industrialized nations visit low-income nations. Whereas many travelers and travel providers associate international travel with rustic and sparsely peopled environments, an increasing proportion of travelers, including students and international business travelers, spend…
Coronavirus Infections in Children and Adolescents Coronaviruses are enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses comprising four genera: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. They infect humans and animals and were first described in the 1960s as causative agents of mild upper respiratory tract…
A new medical specialty, travel medicine, emerged in the 1980s in response to the health needs of increasing numbers of international travelers—a phenomenon resulting from the rapid expansion and growing accessibility of commercial jet transportation. In 1990, the World Tourism…
History of Perinatal Coronavirus Infections Before the worldwide pandemic, data on coronavirus infection in pregnancy were limited despite two previous large epidemics. A 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis found only 12 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and…
Introduction Neuropsychiatric sequelae of viral infections have been described in the literature and are well known from studies of influenza pandemics , , human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, and viral encephalitis. Perhaps the most researched neuropsychiatric disorder after a viral…
Introduction and Historical Perspectives In late December 2019, an ophthalmologist named Li Wenliang sent a message to a group of fellow physicians in Wuhan, China, warning them of an emerging respiratory illness that he thought bore resemblance to severe acute…
Acute Kidney Injury Incidence and Mortality Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection AKI incidence has varied based on the geographic location and clinical situation during the pandemic. A meta-analysis of over 13,000 patients reported an AKI prevalence of 17%, although the range…
OUTLINE Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms, 191 Implications of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in COVID-19, 191 Mechanism on How SARS-CoV-2 Affects Gut Health, 192 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 Receptor Mechanism, 192 Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Gut Microbiota, 193 Impact of Gastric Acid Reduction on COVID-19 Outcomes,…
The Oral Cavity and Viral Infections The oral cavity is home to a vast microbial flora that also include a robust community of viruses. Although the viruses that infect bacteria or bacteriophages constitute the majority, viruses that infect human cells…