Astroviruses were first described in 1975 when they were detected by electron microscopy on stool specimens of infants with gastroenteritis. , Since 1990, with development of sensitive and specific diagnostic methods, including enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain…
Pathogens and Pathogenesis The first calicivirus was discovered in 1972 by electron microscopic examination of stool samples from children affected by an outbreak of gastroenteritis in a school in Norwalk, Ohio, several years previously. This discovery of the subsequently named…
Acknowledgment Dr. Pappas retains the coauthorship of the late Dr. J. Owen Hendley as a tribute to his substantial contribution to our knowledge of respiratory viruses and to this chapter. Rhinoviruses ( rhino meaning “nose”) are the most common causes…
The Pathogen Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a positive-sense RNA virus and a member of the Picornaviridae family. The single-stranded RNA genome is approximately 7500 nucleotides long and contains a single open reading frame. The encoded polyprotein includes structural proteins…
The human enteroviruses and parechoviruses are members of the Picornaviridae family that are commonly transmitted by enteric and respiratory routes. They cause a wide spectrum of illnesses in people of all ages. The enteroviruses are divided among 4 species within…
Pathogen and Pathophysiology Polioviruses are positive-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. They have a naked protein capsid consisting of 4 structural proteins, VP1 to VP4. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase encoded for genome replication lacks…
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The epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, infectious complications, and management of HIV are covered in Chapter 109, Chapter 110, Chapter 111, Chapter 112, Chapter 113 . HIV types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) are members of the Lentivirus genus…
Epidemiology Human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) include four types (HTLV-1, HTLV-2, HTLV-3, and HTLV-4). HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were first reported in 1980 and 1982, respectively, and are the two most clinically important HTLVs. , Infections with HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 were…
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