1 What are chimeric antigen receptor–T cells? Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are a powerful form of adoptive cell therapy. In their native state, T cells do not express antigens targeted to bind to malignant cells. In CAR-T therapy, T…
Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (auto HSCT) uses patient-derived stem cells to facilitate recovery from myeloablative high-dose chemotherapy for cancer. The concept is that higher doses of certain agents, particularly alkylators, will be 3 to 15 times more potent than…
1 Describe the types of transplant and their indications. Type of Transplant Details of Transplant Indications Disadvantages Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (autoHCT) Use patient’s own hematopoietic cells. Give granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and/or Plerixafor to mobilize cells to collect.…
1 What is the definition of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis? Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare but potentially fatal clinical syndrome of severe pathologic immune activation, characterized by signs and symptoms of excessive inflammation. It commonly appears in infancy but can be…
1 What are the former names of Langerhans cell histiocytosis? What is known today as Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) was first described in the early 1900s. By 1953, the diagnoses of eosinophilic granuloma, Hand-Schüller-Christian disease, Letterer-Siwe disease, and Hashimoto-Pritzker disease…
1 Describe the underlying genetic defect in retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma, a primitive neuroectodermal cell tumor, develops as a result of an absence of pRb, the retinoblastoma protein, which functions as a regulator of the cell cycle by modifying transcription factors, which…
1 What infectious agent plays a central role in the development of most post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder and why? Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous human herpesvirus transmitted primarily via saliva, is causally involved in most lymphoproliferative disease. Initial infection with EBV…
1 How common are childhood central nervous system tumors? Approximately 3500 cases of pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors are diagnosed each year in the United States with an incidence of 6.1 per 100,000. They are the most common solid…
1 Describe the epidemiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a heterogeneous category that includes a wide diversity of malignancies derived from lymphocytic cell origin. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid neoplasms…
1 Describe the incidence and epidemiology of Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents. There are approximately 1200 new cases of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) diagnosed in the United States annually among children and adolescents. Among adolescents, HL is associated with a…